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Substances: Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin, is a glycoprotein hormone that is synthesised and secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

hGH is known to act on many aspects of cellular metabolism and is also necessary for skeletal growth in humans.

The major role of hGH in body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 stimulates production of cartilage cells, resulting in bone growth and also plays a key role in muscle growth.

A deficiency in hGH before puberty results in growth retardation and dwarfism. Excess secretion of hGH after puberty has little effect on skeletal growth but results in a disease known as acromegaly.

In years past, growth hormone purified from cadaver pituitaries was used to treat children with severe growth retardation. More recently recombinant (artificial) hGH has lead to several other applications including treatment of growth disorders and cosmetic symptoms of aging.

hGH may be used in sport to induce anabolic effects, reduce muscle cell breakdown and reduce body fat.

Side effects

One of the most common side effects of hGH abuse is acromegaly. The onset of this disorder begins with an overgrowth of bone and connective tissue which leads to a change in appearance such as a protruding jaw and eyebrow bones.

Because of the role that hGH plays in stimulating IGF-1 secretion, excessive use of hGH may also lead to metabolic dysfunction, including glucose intolerance and other side effects associated with excess levels of IGF-1.

Status in Sport

Human growth hormone (hGH) is a prohibited substance both in and out of competition under the World Anti-Doping Code 2008 Prohibited List (effective from 01/01/08).

 

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